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> Antropologie, noutati si descoperiri in domeniu
Erwin
mesaj 21 Sep 2006, 12:24 AM
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In Etiopia, in aceiasi regiune unde a fost gasit scheletul lui Lucy s-a descoperit o sora a ei mai mica (australopitecus afarensis) in varsta de 3 ani, un schelet aproape complet, inclusiv osul hyoid a carui forma asemanatoare maimutelor sugereaza ca aceasta specie inca nu avea vorbirea dezvoltata, forma picioarelor si a bazinului indica mersul biped, acum 3.3 milioane de ani in aceasta zona exista o flora mixta, padure si savana, populatia respectiva dormind in copaci si umbland pe sol. Se presupune ca in urma unei viituri corpul copilei a fost inglobat in aluviuni si astfel a ramas intreg, nedezmembrat de pradatori. Urmeaza ca importante parti din schelet inca aflate in roca sa fie eliberate si studiate.

Sursa: New Scientist

Acest topic a fost editat de Erwin: 21 Sep 2006, 12:27 AM


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pantha rhei
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The universe appears to be fractal, cyclic and self-regenerating. Implied is that it is eternal and infinite.
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mothman
mesaj 21 Sep 2006, 01:03 AM
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Aceasi stire mi-a atras si mie atentia si a fost postata ceva mai devreme pe Cronica timpului - Primii oameni. Oricum, nu strica sa avem un subiect dedicat antropologiei/paleoantropologiei. thumb_yello.gif


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Erwin
mesaj 21 Sep 2006, 02:28 PM
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offtopic
mothman:
Ar fi trebuit sa caut inainte de a deschide un nou topic, dar chiar la tine m-am gandit aseara stiind ca esti pasionat de domeniul asta. smile.gif


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pantha rhei
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Promo Contextual
mesaj 21 Sep 2006, 02:28 PM
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ContextuALL









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mothman
mesaj 21 Sep 2006, 03:58 PM
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De asemenea, offtopic :

Lasa ca e bine ca te-ai gandit sa faci un subiect dedicat stirilor in domeniu si nu numai. Aici am sa mai postez si eu stiri mai interesante. Cat despre pasiunea mea pentru acest domeniu, ce sa zic...ce poate fimai palpitant decat deslusirea misterului evolutiei omului ? tongue.gif


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Erwin
mesaj 21 Sep 2006, 10:02 PM
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Asa e mothman, poate mai vin si altii si punem de-o dezbatere... thumb_yello.gif


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pantha rhei
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Erwin
mesaj 9 May 2007, 10:45 AM
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QUOTE
Gene Mutation Linked To Cognition Is Found Only In Humans

Gene sequencing revealed a mutation specific to humans that triggers a change in the splicing pattern of the neuropsin gene, creating a new splicing site and a longer protein.
by Staff Writers
Kunming, China (SPX) May 09, 2007
The human and chimpanzee genomes vary by just 1.2 percent, yet there is a considerable difference in the mental and linguistic capabilities between the two species. A new study showed that a certain form of neuropsin, a protein that plays a role in learning and memory, is expressed only in the central nervous systems of humans and that it originated less than 5 million years ago.

The study, which also demonstrated the molecular mechanism that creates this novel protein, will be published online in Human Mutation, the official journal of the Human Genome Variation Society. The journal is available online via Wiley InterScience here.

Led by Dr. Bing Su of the Chinese Academy of Sciences in Kunming, China, researchers analyzed the DNA of humans and several species of apes and monkeys. Their previous work had shown that type II neuropsin, a longer form of the protein, is not expressed in the prefrontal cortex (PFC) of lesser apes and Old World monkeys. In the current study, they tested the expression of type II in the PFC of two great ape species, chimpanzees and orangutans, and found that it was not present. Since these two species diverged most recently from human ancestors (about 5 and 14 million years ago respectively), this finding demonstrates that type II is a human-specific form that originated relatively recently, less than 5 million years ago.

Gene sequencing revealed a mutation specific to humans that triggers a change in the splicing pattern of the neuropsin gene, creating a new splicing site and a longer protein. Introducing this mutation into chimpanzee DNA resulted in the creation of type II neuropsin. "Hence, the human-specific mutation is not only necessary but also sufficient in creating the novel splice form," the authors state.

The results also showed a weakening effect of a different, type I-specific splicing site and a significant reduction in type I neuropsin expression in human and chimpanzee when compared with the rhesus macaque, an Old World monkey. This pattern suggests that before the emergence of the type II splice form in human, the weakening of the type I splicing site already existed in the common ancestor of humans and chimpanzees, implying a multi-step process that led to the dramatic change of splicing pattern in humans, the authors note.

They identified a region of the chimpanzee sequence that has a weakening effect on the splicing site that also probably applies to humans. "It is likely that both the creation of novel splice form and the weakening of the constitutive splicing contribute to the splicing pattern changes during primate evolution, suggesting a multi-step process eventually leading to the origin of the type II form in human," the authors state.

They note that further studies should probe the biological function of type II neuropsin in humans, as the extra 45 amino acids in this form may cause protein structural and functional changes. They note that in order to understand the genetic basis that underlies the traits that set humans apart from nonhuman primates, recent studies have focused on identifying genes that have been positively selected during human evolution. They conclude, "The present results underscore the potential importance of the creation of novel splicing forms in the central nervous system in the emergence of human cognition."


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pantha rhei
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vitalic sprincea...
mesaj 11 May 2007, 11:11 AM
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nu stiu daca e chiar antropologica...

Evolution, Immigration and Trade


By Paul H. Rubin
Special to washingtonpost.com's Think Tank Town
Monday, May 7, 2007; 12:00 AM



It was once thought that humans are born as "blank slates" to be programmed by our families, culture and society. While those forces play an important role, evolutionary psychology teaches us that human behavior is also the product of the environment in which humanity evolved -- that many of our intuitions are ingrained because they contributed to our primitive ancestors' survival.

Public policy pays surprisingly little attention to evolutionary psychology. Yet there are many human intuitions and behaviors that influence contemporary policy issues -- sometimes in ways that are no longer useful or perhaps even harmful to humans flourishing. These intuitions are sometimes referred to as "folk economics," and one area in which they often emerge is the international economy.

Our primitive ancestors lived in a world that was essentially static; there was little societal or technological change from one generation to the next. This meant that our ancestors lived in a world that was zero sum -- if a particular gain happened to one group of humans, it came at the expense of another.

This is the world our minds evolved to understand. To this day, we often see the gain of some people and assume it has come at the expense of others. Economists have argued for more than two centuries that voluntary trade, whether domestic or international, is positive sum: it benefits both parties, or else the exchange wouldn't occur. Economists have also long argued that the economics of immigration -- immigrants coming here to exchange their labor for money that they then exchange for the products of other people's labor -- is positive sum. Yet our evolutionary intuition is that, because foreign workers gain from trade and immigrant workers gain from joining the U.S. economy, native-born workers must lose. This zero-sum thinking leads us to see trade and immigration as conflict ("trade wars," "immigrant invaders") when trade and immigration actually produce cooperation and mutual benefit, the exact opposite of conflict.

Conflict was common in the environment in which humans evolved. As primates, which are a very social order, our ancestors lived in relatively small groups in which everyone knew everyone else. Our minds are adapted to deal with populations of that size. Our ancestors made strong distinctions between members of the in-group and outsiders, and we still make such distinctions today -- social psychologists can create in-group and out-group feelings based on virtually any arbitrary difference between populations.

The in-group and out-group intuitions help fuel opposition to expanded trade and immigration. The public intuitively believes that the beneficiaries of such policies will be foreigners, and it is easy to arouse suspicion about those who are not part of our in-group. When coupled with zero-sum thinking, this is a powerful political tool. For instance, a domestic industry or collection of domestic workers, when having difficulty competing with foreign or immigrant competitors, can use innate dislike of outsiders when advocating for increased barriers.

As the evolutionary inheritors of small-group societies, our minds sometimes have difficulty appreciating risks, harms and benefits experienced by a large population. In a group of 100 people, when we observe something that has happened to someone, it is a reasonably likely event. In a society of 300 million, when we learn about something happening to one person, it may be an extremely unlikely event, but we often perceive it as likely when we see it on the news. This instinct also shapes our perspective on trade and immigration. We understandably have great sympathy for workers who lose their jobs because they can't compete with foreign workers, but we have difficulty appreciating the benefit that our nation of consumers gains from the products of foreign laborers.

As products of evolution, humans cannot help but be born with certain biases. But we are not condemned to this evolutionary programming; we can identify the biases and recognize when they lead us astray in the modern world. American history is marked by many periods of openness to trade and immigration, and those periods have often featured strong economic growth and human prosperity. However, American history has also seen many instances in which our zero-sum and anti-outsider intuitions reemerged, whether in the form of prohibitions against "dogs or Irishmen" or policies against "outsourcing."

A useful analogy is between speech and reading. All humans growing up in a normal environment learn to speak, but reading must be taught because it does not come naturally. Folk economic beliefs are like speech -- we get them without trying. A deeper understanding of economics is like reading -- it must be taught.

America's success in lowering its barriers to outsiders shows that we can and do learn. But like reading, we must teach each generation anew.

Paul H. Rubin is the Samuel Candler Dobbs Professor of Economics and Law at Emory University and the author of Darwinian Politics: The Evolutionary Origin of Freedom (Rutgers University Press, 2002). He has been writing a series on evolution and economic behavior for the Cato Institute's journal Regulation.


View all comments that have been posted about this article.



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Marduk
mesaj 2 Aug 2011, 12:50 PM
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Barbatii europeni sunt rude cu faraonul Tutankhamon, de ce doar barbatii? femeile ale cui rude sunt? Incet dar sigur ne apropiem de existenta unui stramos comun al europenilor care conform unei ipoteze a emigrat din Caucaz spre Mesopotamia, Egipt in sud si spre vestul Europei in nord. As fi curios sa aflam daca osemintele descoperite in sudul Romaniei fac parte din acelasi grup, s-ar lega de o alta ipoteze conform careia in piramidele egiptene s-a gasit aur provenit din muntii Apuseni


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"A fi tolerant nu inseamnă a tolera intoleranţa altora" (Jules Romains)

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cyber-sapiens
mesaj 2 Dec 2013, 07:19 PM
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Recent a aparut o noua teorie pe baza scheletelor preistorice descoperite in Georgia (Caucaz) ... si se pare ca NU au existat specii umane ci o singura specie umana cu un grad mare de variabilitate de la H. Ergaster pana la Omul Modern, adica ceva similar variabilitatii soiurilor de caini ( v. ogarul englezesc vs. Pug):





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Iti suna cunoscut?! (... si da ai dreptate nu este nici macar aromana nici dalmata sau vegliota, nici istroromana) : Sta-sira vaiu ō tiatru = Asta seara voiu la tiatru! ; Du-mani ti scrivu = De maine 'ti scriu !; Bin-vinutu = Bine venit!; Comu si senti? Comu ti chiami? Di unni veni = De unde veni ? Nni videmu = Ne vedem !!! / Salutamu; Lassami in paci! Aiutu! Focu!; Bon Natali e filici annu novu;
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